Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that, while largely controlled in many countries through vaccination, remains a threat in some regions where vaccination rates are low. Throughout history, measles has caused devastating outbreaks, but thanks to advances in modern medicine, prevention through vaccination and treatment of symptoms have significantly reduced mortality and serious complications. It is important to note that there is no specific cure for measles, but proper medical care can help relieve symptoms and prevent complications.
What is measles?
Measles is caused by a virus of the Morbillivirus genus and is transmitted primarily through droplets expelled when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus is so contagious that approximately 90% of unimmunized people who come into contact with an infected person will also become ill.
Measles has an incubation period of 10 to 14 days, during which the infected person shows no symptoms. Early signs of the disease include high fever, dry cough, runny nose, irritated eyes (conjunctivitis), and Koplik spots (small white spots inside the mouth). Within a few days of these initial symptoms, a characteristic rash appears, usually starting on the face and then spreading over the entire body.
Symptoms and course of the disease
The course of measles follows a well-defined sequence:
Prodromal phase (initial phase): It begins with high fever (often above 38.5 °C), accompanied by respiratory symptoms such as cough, runny nose and conjunctivitis. During this phase, Koplik spots may appear, which are specific to measles and are an important clinical sign for early diagnosis.
Rash: One of the most distinctive signs of measles is a flat, red rash that starts on the face and spreads down the body. This rash can last for 5 to 7 days, and during this time, the fever usually increases.
Recovery: In most cases, fever begins to subside a few days after the rash appears. However, the immune system may be temporarily weakened, increasing the risk of secondary infections such as pneumonia.
Measles Treatment: How to Approach the Disease
Although there is no specific cure for measles, treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Below are the most important steps to follow when treating the disease.
1. Isolation and prevention of contagion
Since measles is extremely contagious, it is critical to isolate the patient to prevent the spread of the virus. In a family setting, this may mean keeping the sick person away from other people, especially those who have not been vaccinated or who have weakened immune systems. In addition, it is crucial to maintain good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and wearing masks when necessary.
2. Rest and care at home
Rest is essential to allow the body to fight off the infection. During the course of measles, it is recommended that the patient remain in bed and receive constant care, including adequate hydration. Water, natural juices, and broths can help keep the patient hydrated, especially if the patient has a high fever.
3. Fever control and symptom relief
To control fever and general discomfort, doctors often recommend the use of antipyretic medications such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. However, in young children, aspirin should be avoided due to the risk of Reye's syndrome, a serious disease that affects the liver and brain. Humidifiers or vaporizers can also be used to relieve cough and throat irritation, and cold compresses can help reduce fever.
4. Vitamin A supplementation
In severe cases, especially in children, vitamin A deficiency can increase the severity of measles and the risk of complications. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vitamin A supplementation in infected children, especially in areas where vitamin A deficiency is common. Supplements may reduce mortality and disease severity by improving the immune response.
5. Treatment of complications
Measles can cause a variety of complications, especially in people with weakened immune systems. Common complications include:
Pneumonia: This is one of the main causes of death in people with measles. Antibiotic treatment may be necessary if a secondary bacterial infection is suspected.
Encephalitis: Although rare, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) is a serious complication of measles. It can be treated with antiviral and anti-inflammatory medications.
Ear infections: Secondary ear infections are also common in children with measles, and may require treatment with antibiotics.
Measles prevention: the fundamental role of vaccination
The most effective way to prevent measles is through vaccination. The MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, is the primary method of prevention. This vaccine is usually given in two doses: the first between 12 and 15 months of age and the second between 4 and 6 years of age.
Thanks to vaccination, many countries have managed to eliminate measles endemicity. However, in regions where vaccination rates have declined, a resurgence of measles outbreaks has been observed. Maintaining high vaccination rates is essential to prevent future outbreaks and to protect those who cannot be vaccinated, such as infants under one year of age or immunosuppressed individuals.
Herd immunity
The concept of herd immunity plays a key role in measles prevention. Herd immunity is achieved when a sufficiently high percentage of the population is vaccinated, limiting the spread of the virus. For measles, it is estimated that approximately 95% of the population must be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity.
Myths and misinformation about the measles vaccine
Despite overwhelming scientific evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of the MMR vaccine, there has been resistance to vaccination in some places due to myths and misinformation. One of the most persistent myths is the mistaken belief that the vaccine is linked to autism. This myth arose from a debunked and discredited study years ago, but it remains a source of concern for some parents.
It is important to rely on reliable sources and scientific evidence when making decisions about vaccination. The benefits of the MMR vaccine far outweigh any potential risks, and vaccination is essential to keeping diseases like measles under control.
Who is most at risk?
Certain groups of people are at higher risk of serious complications from measles:
Babies under one year of age: Babies do not receive their first dose of the vaccine until they are 12 months old, leaving them vulnerable to the virus. That's why it's crucial that people around babies are vaccinated to prevent transmission.
Immunocompromised people: Those with weakened immune systems, such as patients with HIV, cancer, or those on immunosuppressive treatment, are at higher risk of developing serious complications.
Pregnant women: Measles during pregnancy can cause serious complications, such as miscarriage or premature birth. Pregnant women cannot receive the MMR vaccine, so they should avoid contact with infected people.
The future of measles
Despite progress in eradicating measles, the fight against the disease is not over yet. Unequal access to vaccines, resistance to vaccination in some communities, and weak health systems in certain countries continue to allow measles to continue to circulate.
International health agencies, such as WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), continue to promote vaccination and public education campaigns to increase vaccination coverage. In addition, research is ongoing to improve existing vaccines and develop new methods to control and prevent outbreaks of contagious diseases such as measles.