History of the independence of Mexico

The Independence of Mexico is one of the most significant events in the history of the American continent. This revolutionary movement, which arose at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, marked the beginning of a new era for the country and laid the foundations for the emancipation of other nations in Latin America.

The historical background of the Independence of Mexico dates back to the arrival of the Spanish to the Mesoamerican territory in the 16th century. With the conquest led by Hernán Cortés in 1521, Spanish rule was established over what was then known as New Spain. This colonial period introduced profound transformations in the society, economy and culture of the region.

Spanish colonization was characterized by the imposition of an authoritarian and centralized system of government, which granted Spaniards born on the peninsula (peninsulares) a privileged status over criollos (Spanish people born in America) and the rest of the population, which included to mestizos, indigenous people and African slaves. This social hierarchy exacerbated tensions between different ethnic and social groups and set the stage for future conflicts. Furthermore, Spanish colonization imposed an economic system based on a commercial monopoly, which gave Spain exclusive control over trade with its colonies. This restrictive policy limited the economic development of New Spain and generated resentment among local inhabitants, who were forced to trade only Spanish products at unfair prices.

Another important aspect of the historical background was the forced evangelization carried out by the Catholic Church, which sought to convert the indigenous population to Christianity and eliminate any vestige of their ancestral traditions and beliefs. This religious imposition contributed to the alienation of indigenous peoples and the loss of their cultural identity.

In this context of colonial oppression and social inequality, resistance and protest movements emerged that expressed the population's discontent against Spanish rule. However, these attempts at rebellion were quickly put down by the colonial authorities, who used violence and repression to maintain their control over the region.

The Enlightenment and the ideas of freedom, equality and fraternity that emerged in Europe during the 18th century also influenced the awakening of political consciousness in New Spain. The dissemination of these Enlightenment ideals through books, pamphlets, and intellectual discussions fueled the debate over the legitimacy of Spanish rule and fueled the desire for autonomy and self-determination among Creoles and other sectors of society.

External and Internal Influences

Mexico's Independence was influenced by a combination of internal and external factors. Enlightenment ideas and independence movements in Europe, such as the French Revolution and American Independence, inspired Mexican leaders to question Spanish rule and seek freedom and autonomy. Furthermore, Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808 weakened the crown's control over its colonies, creating an opportunity for uprising.

Leaders of Independence

Numerous leaders played fundamental roles in the Mexican independence movement. One of the most prominent was Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Creole priest whose radical ideas and call to rebellion in the famous "Cry of Dolores" in 1810, marked the beginning of the fight for independence. Other prominent leaders included José María Morelos, a visionary military and politician who continued the fight after Hidalgo's death, and Agustín de Iturbide, who finally managed to consolidate independence with the Plan of Iguala in 1821.

Key Events of Independence

The fight for Mexican independence was a long and tumultuous process that spanned more than a decade. From the initial uprising led by Hidalgo to the consummation of independence with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba in 1821, numerous events and battles marked the course of the war. Among the most notable are the Battle of Monte de las Cruces, the Taking of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas and the Battle of Calderón Bridge. These clashes demonstrated the determination and courage of the Mexican insurgents in their fight for freedom.

Repercussions of Independence

Mexico's independence had profound repercussions both nationally and internationally. Domestically, the country faced significant political, economic and social challenges in the years following independence. The establishment of a republican government and the abolition of slavery represented important advances in building a more inclusive and just nation. However, the struggle for the consolidation of power and political stability led to a series of internal conflicts, including civil wars and foreign interventions.

Internationally, Mexico's independence inspired similar movements in other parts of Latin America, contributing to the disintegration of the Spanish empire on the continent. Countries such as Argentina, Chile and Peru followed Mexico's example in their search for autonomy and sovereignty. The creation of the Commonwealth of Free American Nations, precursor to the Organization of American States, reflected the spirit of solidarity and cooperation among the newly independent nations.

Mexico's Independence left a lasting legacy that remains relevant today. Beyond political emancipation, this historical event laid the foundations for the construction of a Mexican national identity based on the ethnic, cultural and linguistic diversity of the country. The annual celebration of September 16 as Independence Day is a reminder of the bravery and determination of those who fought for freedom and justice.